The data collected by Dr. Estes are shown. Range expansion predictions based on dispersal distance or reaction-diffusion models had mixed success but generally did not provide definitive biological context for the mechanisms driving population expansion (Lubina and Levin, 1988; Krkosek et al., 2007). Course Hero member to access this document, Lia_Rudisill_-_1_extracted_Homeostasis_Population_Graphs_CC.pdf, Copy of Population Trends - Group Collaboration Form.pdf, 459F3086-450C-4285-BF3B-B97159FE769F.jpeg, B3D9BE94-7A76-4810-9325-F6E745985E3B.jpeg, Sam Barlow High School BIOLOGY Honors Bio, Sunrise Mountain High School PRE-AP BIOLOGY H 12259, South Pasadena Senior High SCIENCE 101 PG. KidsKonnect is a growing library of premium quality educational materials, printable worksheets and teaching resources for use in the classroom. Fish and Wildlife Service. The past few decades have demonstrated that sea otter populations can be strongly influenced by the top-down pressure of higher-level predators, and this change in perspective should be acknowledged in management strategies. (PDF). With no more otters to eat them, the sea urchins, which eat the Coinciding with recent population growth, the sea otter distribution, which previously tended to concentrate on the west side, appears to have shifted toward an expansion of use in the north and especially greater seasonal use in the north and south during winter and spring. History and status of translocated sea otter populations in North America. You will, 1 out of 1 people found this document helpful, Name: _________________________________________________________, the four graphs located on the last two pages of this document. Mamm. The spring census provides the primary basis for gauging population trends by State and Federal management agencies. This preview shows page 1 - 3 out of 7 pages. The development of commercial and recreational shellfish fisheries was fueled by the high abundance of benthic invertebrates that developed during the absence of their natural predator, the sea otter. These measures are essential because they are sensitive indicators of population and environmental change and provide insights into the mechanisms of change (e.g., distinguishing food resource limitation from the effects of physical disturbance, disease, or predation pressure). Link will appear as Sea Otter Facts & Worksheets: https://kidskonnect.com - KidsKonnect, August 5, 2018. Trends Ecol. The U.S. doi: 10.2307/41811831, Wilson, D. E., Bogan, M. A., Brownell, R. L. Jr., Burdin, A. M., and Maminov, M. K. (1991). Growth and equilibrium in sea otter populations. Sea otters dive underwater or cleverly play dead when they sense danger. In addition, the GWA program evaluates various tractable performance metrics for key species such as survival rates, size distributions and diets. Southern sea otters, also known as California sea otters, live in the waters along the central California coastline. Female sea otters become sexually mature at around four years of age, and males at around five. Dean, T. A., Bodkin, J. L., and Coletti, H. A. A. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150547. doi: 10.1139/cjfas-2013-0025, Larson, S. E., and Bodkin, J. L. (2015). 3, eds A. E. Dizon, S. J. Chivers, and W. F. Perrin (Lawrence, KS: Special publication of the Society of Marine Mammalogy), 197208. Fish Game 72, 197212. California Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) Census Results, Spring 2019. 11, 17791790. However, within most of the sea otters range, shore counts are not possible due to restricted access. Pathogenesis of Streptococcus infantarius subspecies coli isolated from sea otters with infective endocarditis. (2015). By the time theMarine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA)was enacted in 1972, the California population had grown from as few as 50 to more than 1,000 individuals (an average annual growth rate of about 5 percent). Sea otters are very social animals who live in groups called a raft. Individuals can weigh as much as 45 kg. While sea otters are vulnerable to natural predators such as sharks, the population also faces risks from other factors such as disease, contaminants, harmful algal blooms, availability of prey, and entanglement in commercial fishing gear. We should reconsider the spatial scales on which we define sea otter populations in recognition of this biological reality. Clam gardens are evidence that aboriginal peoples in British Columbia in the past enhanced intertidal clam production by modifying and cultivating sections of beaches and may have excluded sea otters from these areas (Groesbeck et al., 2014). Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems. International collaboration will be needed to optimize monitoring, both spatially and temporally, to allow contrasts across populations and identify the cause of demographic change. Previous samples were collected from widely dispersed locations and shared among studies, and they suggested that sampling on a microgeographic scale should be considered in future genetic analysis. J. Mamm. (1986a). Other populations, such as the one in California, experienced more modest growth (Estes et al., 2003; see Question 1). WPWS sea otter population in 10-23 years, with maximum annual growth rates from 10 to 14 percent. Along the west coast of North America, they remained absent from eastern Prince William Sound in Alaska to central California- a linear distance of approximately 4,000 km of nearshore habitat where they formerly existed. In addition, wolves (Canis lupus) are suspected to take live sea otters both on the Alaska Peninsula and near Glacier Bay in Alaska. All rights reserved. Created by. 21, 169172. In 1987, an additional translocation moved sea otters from the central California coast to San Nicolas Island to establish a second southern sea otter population that would prevent possible extinction in the event of a catastrophic oil spill. A key indicator of recovery of the population is its ability to expand its range along the California Coast. Under certain conditions, counts by experienced teams of observers following strict protocols nearly meet this assumption, with detection probability approaching 90% (Estes and Jameson, 1988). By then, only a few thousand otters remained, including a small colony of about 50 otters along the coast of central California. With increased sea otter foraging effort, GWA has observed a decline in available clam biomass further supporting food limitation as the driver in the sea otter population status. A. (1978). The overall sea otter population size of the Southwest Alaska stock has declined by more than 50% since the mid-1980s. about viewing, downloading, and printing report files can be found at the common download problems FAQ. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091235, Hatfield, B. A., and VanBlaricom, G. R. (1985). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1635156100, Stewart, N. L., Konar, B., and Tinker, M. T. (2015). Analysis of 13 years of demographic and genetic data from 1,006 sea otters to assess multiple effective population size estimators, as well as temporal trends in genetic diversity and population . Explore recent publications by USGS authors, Browse all of Pubs Warehouse by publication type and year, Descriptions of US Geological Survey Report Series, Southern (California) sea otter population status and trends at San Nicolas Island, 20172020, Appendix 1. (2) Understanding factors that regulate sea otter population density: Sea otter density at the landscape scale is a mosaic of local densities that depend on many factors, which vary over different time scales. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge. Ecosphere 7:e01489. In the following, we recommend avenues for future research on sea otters in relation to fisheries, threatened or endangered species, climate change, ecotourism, and non-market valuation to inform the analyses that guide environmental policy and management. Sci. 77. Under the Canadian Constitution, aboriginal peoples have the right to hunt for subsistence food and for social or ceremonial purposes, but not as a means of reducing sea otter abundance. M.S. (1947). Proc. It also includes a comprehension tri-fold with comprehension questions for the story. /Title () Doroff, A. M., Estes, J. Sea otters live in shallow coastal waters in the northern Pacific Ocean. Can. As sea otter populations continue to expand in their range and numbers, monitoring will become increasingly challenging, likely resulting in reduced effort and statistical power to detect change (Williams et al., 2018). Bodkin, J. L., Ballachey, B. E., Cronin, M. A., and Scribner, K. T. (1999). Transmission of toxoplasma: clues from the study of sea otters as sentinels of Toxoplasma gondii flow into the marine environment. As a result, surveys became logistically challenging and increasingly expensive, employing aircraft in some cases, with costs rising to hundreds of thousands of dollars. 54. The population decline likely began in the mid-1980s and declined at a rate of 17.5%/year in the 1990s. Larson, S., Jameson, R., Etnier, M., Jones, T., and Hall, R. (2012). Using molecular epidemiology to track Toxoplasma gondii from terrestrial carnivores to marine hosts: implications for public health and conservation. An official website of the United States government. doi: 10.2307/3801061, Estes, J. Sea otters have a high metabolism. 71, 20342044. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-39.3.495, Krkosek, M., Lauzon-Guay, J. S., and Lewis, M. A. An official website of the United States government. Understanding the factors that regulate sea otter density will be challenging and likely require focusing on a few index sites that are representative of the variety of littoral habitats occupied by sea otters around the North Pacific Rim. Diet A sea otter has a metabolic rate much higher than most mammals of similar size, and must consume large quantities of food. Obtaining this information, especially in more remote areas of the sea otters range, will not be easy and will require coordinated research over decades (see Question 3). J. Anim. (2015). Bodkin, J. L., Monson, D. H., and Esslinger, G. G. (2007). But scientists are really not sure how sea otters will respond and thrive in estuary environments, and how their recovery will affect estuary food webs. In 2017, the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Willems, E. P., and Hill, R. A. Lia Rudisill - 1 extracted Homeostasis Population Graphs CC.pdf - Name: Period: Kelp Population Trends Graph the data provided on the left to Lia Rudisill - 1 extracted Homeostasis Population Graphs CC.pdf School Watseka Comm High School Course Title HIST2340 2430 Uploaded By JudgeArmadillo241 Pages 5 Ratings 92% (12) doi: 10.1073/pnas.1302805110. Alaska: U.S. doi: 10.1086/physzool.57.2.30163705, Counihan, K. L., Gill, V. A., Miller, M. A., Burek-Huntington, K. A., LeFebvre, R. B., and Byme, B. What percentage of your weight would those burgers represent. For San Nicolas Island (right vertical axis, note scale difference) the trend line (lowest line, in red) represents the annual high counts. Sci. While eliminating the predators of sea otters is not scientifically advisable or legally feasible, other management options exist. NPS/SWAN/NRR2011/397. In the future, image based survey methods may eventually provide more efficient, accurate and precise abundance estimates suitable for monitoring sea otters at appropriate spatial scales. Natural Resource Report. Sea urchins prey on kelp. Sea Otter Population Trends Direction:Complete the Sea Otter Population Graph (Graph #3) and answer the questions below. 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