Also, her marriage is not particularly advantageous: Iago is neither wealthy nor socially elevated. (Coryat's Crudities, 1611), IAGO She did deceive her father, marrying you, [] OTHELLO And so she did. They see, and smell, And have their palates both for sweet and sour, As husbands have. As someone who speaks against traditional concepts of marriage, she is a feminist who stands apart from other women of her time by rejecting conventional roles and norms. Desdemona is faithful and devoted to her husband - even to the end, when he strangles her in their marriage bed. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! This is even more evident with Emilia, who - in addition to being a woman - was much lower in the class structure than most of the other characters. She wished she had not heard it, yet she wished That heaven had made her such a man. Shakespeare's Othello was a great play and it covered the social and political beliefs of his time. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. She is able to shift her thinking and behavior in response to her environment. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Emilia serves Desdemona, but she is also obligated to obey her wicked husband, Iago. Shakespeare again uses irony. Iago goes on to use the handkerchief to falsely accuse Desdemona of having an affair with Cassio, which drives Othello to vengeful murder. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. an arrow pointing from each adjective to the word it modifies. Start your 48-hour free trial to get access to more than 30,000 additional guides and more than 350,000 Homework Help questions answered by our experts. OTHELLOMy story being done, She gave me for my pains a world of sighs. Bianca in Othello by William Shakespeare | Character, Quotes & Analysis, Cassio in Othello by William Shakespeare | Character Analysis & Quotes, Brabantio in Othello by William Shakespeare | Quotes & Analysis, Desdemona in Othello by William Shakespeare | Character Traits & Analysis, Roderigo in Othello by William Shakespeare | Quotes & Analysis, Othello & Desdemona in Othello by William Shakespeare | Relationship & Analysis, Foreshadowing in Othello by William Shakespeare | Examples & Analysis, The Willow Song in Othello by William Shakespeare | Symbolism & Analysis, The Handkerchief in Othello by William Shakespeare | Significance & Analysis, Othello by Shakespeare: Act 3 Scene 3 | Summary & Quotes, Othello by Shakespeare | Othello Character Traits & Analysis, Hamlet by William Shakespeare Study Guide, College English Composition: Help and Review, 9th Grade English Curriculum Resource & Lesson Plans, 12th Grade English Curriculum Resource & Lesson Plans, Middle School Language Arts: Lessons & Help, Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare: Study Guide, Create an account to start this course today. for a group? Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Compare this to 3.3.17, below. | 2 They completely demystify Shakespeare. What's interesting to us about this passage, however, is that Iago plays on fears of miscegenation (when interracial couples "intermix" via sex and/or marriage) when he says an "old black ram" (Othello) is "tupping" (sleeping with) Brabantio's "white ewe" (Desdemona). Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Look to your house, your daughter and your bags!, Iago-presents Desdemona as an object owned by her father, almost irrelevant in list of stolen objects. It seems like Shakespeare's pretty sympathetic toward Bianca and the other women in the play. This circumstance is only interrupted by Othello, who woos and marries her. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. Look to 't. Her playful back-and-forth with Iago establishes a clear difference between the two female characters. At the same time, however, we wonder why in the world Emilia would be so loyal to Iago if she knows what a creep he is. As Brabantio's unmarried daughter, Desdemona is basically considered her father's property. Neither loyalty nor defiance save them in the end, which is a powerful commentary on the authority of men over women. whose, The word prime comes from the Latin root -prim-, which means "first in time or in importance." An error occurred trying to load this video. It's an Elizabethan thing. She has to know Iago is up to no good, doesn't she? Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Latest answer posted April 07, 2021 at 11:18:50 AM. In the context of Othello, Shakespeare does not directly advocate for women's rights. I highly recommend you use this site! (4.2.) Even when Desdemona does speak out, she seems to accept that Othello has the right to kill her if he wants to. 1 Page. Get what you need to become a better teacher with unlimited access to exclusive free classroom resources and expert CPD downloads. Because Othello (mistakenly) believes Desdemona has cheated on him, Othello feels like he can't be a soldier any more. Iago-presents Desdemona as an object owned by her father, almost irrelevant in list of stolen objects. "Oh heavy ignorance! In contrast, the play's central female friendship between Desdemona and Emilia inspires resistance and the courage to speak the truth, resulting in Iago's exposure and Desdemona's exoneration. Since she's married Othello without dad's permission, Iago suggests that Othello has stolen her from Brabantio. Othello by William Shakespeare | Othello Themes of Jealousy, Power, Racism & Identity, Brabantio in Othello by William Shakespeare | Quotes & Analysis, Hamlet by William Shakespeare Study Guide, College English Composition: Help and Review, 9th Grade English Curriculum Resource & Lesson Plans, 12th Grade English Curriculum Resource & Lesson Plans, Middle School Language Arts: Lessons & Help, Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare: Study Guide, Create an account to start this course today. What she does not yet know is that her own husband is the rogue in question. Desdemona's time is consumed by her duties as a wife and daughter, leaving little for anything else. Here is Emilia's famous Othello monologue: Hark, canst thou hear me? Discover Emilia's character as it is opposed to Desdemona's loyalty to her husband. Instead she assumes that everyone will see her integrity and purity. (3.3.238; 241). A feminist critic would consider the roles of the male and female characters in relation to the patriarchal context of the play. In the process, she expresses non-traditional views on marriage and stresses that a wife doesn't need to be loyal to an overbearing or abusive husband. Not willing to be relegated to her traditional domestic role, Emilia reveals the truth and accuses Iago. Later in this same scene, Emilia justifies the idea of female adultery. Shakespeare's characterization of Emilia is therefore quite progressive, especially in the way he portrays a strong, assertive female figure who stands up for subjugated women and openly defies the cruelty of men. The Moor hath killed my mistress! Is 't frailty that thus errs? As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 Renews April 24, 2023 for a customized plan. Because he believes that his credibility as a military leader has been compromised? Though I lost twenty lives. sentences of your own. She thanked me, And bade me, if I had a friend that loved her, The quote shows Desdemonas nave and trusting nature, since she does not realize just how jealous her husband is capable of being. (179). You'll also receive an email with the link. SparkNotes PLUS Women are depicted as the possessions of men, as sex objects, and as untrustworthy. | Women in Elizabethan England were considered property, traded in marriage if they were of noble stature or, if not, often dispatched into service by their fathers. OTHELLO My story being done, She gave me for my pains a world of sighs. Why, we have galls, and though we have some grace, Yet have we some revenge. This loyalty will later endanger Desdemona because she refuses to defend herself or challenge Othellos authority over her. Desdemona explains to Emilia that she would never consider being unfaithful, no matter the circumstances. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. When Brabantio finds out that Desdemona has eloped, he equates her to property, calls Othello a "foul thief" (1.2), and eventually disowns her because of her decision. All rights reserved. Already a member? Othello is filled with rage at the idea that Desdemona has made him a "cuckold" (a man whose wife has cheated on him). Feminism may be defined in a variety of ways, but for the purposes of this lesson, we will apply a broad definition of the advocacy of equal rights for women. Act 1, scene 2 Quotes "Damned as thou art, thou hast enchanted her! Shakespeare may offer an indictment of this socially entrenched notion of masculinity, that Othello would fly into such a rage when there is no real proof. Students love them!, Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. So while womanhood in Othello is, therefore, often defined by men in terms of pure virtue or voracious and deceptive sexuality, the play ultimately shows that real women are far more complex. There have been numerous interpretations of Othello over the last 400 years. And O you mortal engines, whose rude throats The immortal Jove's dead clamors counterfeit, Farewell! Cuckold me? She's married to Iago, the biggest jerk in the world. 79 lessons Desdemona's the kind of girl who craves action and adventure and she's not content to sit at home. This quote refers to Desdemona's marriage to Othello. Feminism is one of the themes found in Shakespeare's tragic play ''Othello.'' Iago also states that there "never yet" has been a woman who "was foolish that was fair," and, being "fair," or beautiful, has not used that beauty to "help her to an heir." Subscribe now. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you (You can unsubscribe at any time.). [A2S3], Othello - Manipulation Quotes & Description (, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith. In the final scene, Emilia takes a leading role in the undoing of her wicked husband. "O, beware, my lord, of jealousy; It is the green-ey'd monster, which doth mock. Again we have Emilias sincere pronouncement that Desdemona is honest devalued by the fact that the word has been frequently used to describe her insincere husband. William Shakespeare's "Othello" can be read from a feminist perspective. Arise, I say! Iago's professional and personal jealousy is integral for the plot progression. In fact, it's clear in the first act that her influential father has fiercely protected her. Yet over the course of the play, it becomes clear that these two different ways of describing women don't actually apply to real women. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. Check out what Thomas Coryat has to say in his account of his travels to Venice: [t]he name of a Courtezan of Venice is famoused over all Christendome [] The woman that professeth this trade is called in the Italian tongue Cotezana, which word is derived from the Italian word cortesia that signifieth courtesie. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. | 2 Bet you're wondering what the heck happens to this bold, adventurous girl between the time she married Othello and the time she rather passively allows her husband to strangle her. Desdemona says this line to Emilia and Iago as she explains how she will remain faithful and loving to Othello even if he insists on accusing her of infidelity. Latest answer posted December 03, 2020 at 4:29:02 PM. The male characters of Othello may lack moral fibre and wisdom, but the same certainly cant be said for Desdemonas maid and Iagos wife, writes Helen Mears. Be sure to also check out Act One, Scene Two, where Brabantio shouts at Othello, "O thou foul thief, where hast thou stow'd my daughter (1.2.62). Discover how Shakespeare uses the personalities and experiences of Desdemona, Emilia, and Bianca as a reflection of the struggles of women in his own society of Elizabethan England. Whether youre reading Macbeth, Romeo & Juliet, Hamlet, Much Ado About Nothing, Othello or The Tempest, decorate your class with these colourful key quote posters for students to analyse. Desdemona says this line to Emilia and Iago as she explains how she will remain faithful and loving to Othello even if he insists on accusing her of infidelity. Not only does Emilia grant women the power to cheat on their husbands, she puts the blame on men when it happens: ''But I do think it is their husbands' faults. The first quotation implies that women are deceptive, putting on a virtuous appearance "out of doors" while being anything but virtuous behind closed doors, or "in (their) parlors." Designed by GonThemes. All rights reserved. The quote is an example of dramatic irony in that Desdemona thinks she is being kind and helpful, but has no idea that she is about to fall victim to the trap Iago has laid. Desires for sport, and frailty, as men have? As she is not married, Bianca's relationship to Cassio would seem a voluntary arrangement, but in Elizabethan society, there is no such thing as an independent woman. Feminism is one of the themes found in Shakespeare's tragic play ''Othello.'' Discover how Shakespeare uses the personalities and experiences of Desdemona, Emilia, and Bianca as a reflection of . She firmly tells him, "You shall not write my praise" (129). [] OTHELLO O, devil, devil! Iago notes that Bianca's a "huswife" (or, hussy) who makes a living by forging relationships with men like Cassio. Emilia is therefore wiser about the world, having been exposed to it. This was not the fashion of Elizabethan theater, at least not until Shakespeare rose to fame. Look to your house, your daughter and your bags! Continue to start your free trial. Othello's occupation's gone! The quote suggests that Emilia has only gradually learned who Iago truly is, and that she is trying to encourage her friend to be more cautious and less nave. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. Here, Emilia chastises Othello for doubting Desdemonas fidelity. Her efforts to save her come too late. But jealous for they're jealous. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Moor, she was chaste. After Desdemona naively asks if there are any women who would actually cheat on their husbands, Emilia replies that, yes, there sure are and it's the fault of unkind husbands. Purchasing Brabantio says the following: "Look to her Moor, if thou has eyes to see.She has deceived her father, and may thee.". How does Cassio fall from Othellos grace and get fired? Advertisement - Guide continues below. (3.3.228-236), Iago claims that Venetian women can't be trusted because they all deceive their husbands with their secret "pranks." If wives do fall. And pour our treasures into foreign laps; Throwing restraint upon us. Desdemona only comes to understand her husbands murderous intentions at the last instant, because she cannot believe he would actually harm her. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Desdemona insists to Emilia that Othello is not a jealous man. She is even one of Iago's unwitting instruments during the pivotal handkerchief exchange in Act 3, scene 3. Instead, they are male fantasies imposed on womenideals that men want woman to fulfill, and roles that women therefore purposefully play for men. Despite her status as a subservient wife and lady-in-waiting, she develops into the play's most insightful and powerful character. Desdemonas innocence is part of her undoing because she never stops to think about how her behavior might appear to someone who is viewing it with suspicion. (198-203). Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Women were subject to the whims and desires of men, a theme highlighted throughout Othello. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 He lies to the heart., Lady Macbeth quotes Key lines for studying Shakespeares Macbeth in KS4 English, Creative writing prompts Best activities and resources for KS1 and KS2 English, Romeo and Juliet Key Quotations Tybalt Capulet, Othello 8 Quotes From Emilia To Help Students Understand William Shakespeares Play, 10 Othello Quote Posters and Key Quote Worksheet William Shakespeare Resources for KS3/4 English Literature, Earth Day 2023 Great activity ideas for schools, Creative writing What it takes to craft memorable characters, Reading skills Why focus is the key to effective literacy interventions, English literature How to banish those GCSE exam fears. Teachers and parents! write five While the beautiful and pure Desdemona is. on 50-99 accounts. Create your account, 6 chapters | Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Emilia's views on men and marriage suggests Shakespeare's feminist philosophy. "Damned as thou art, thou hast enchanted her! Then let them use us well. The way the content is organized, LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in, Compare and contrast themes from other texts to this theme, The ThemeTracker below shows where, and to what degree, the theme of Womanhood and Sexuality appears in each scene of. Desdemona's response is part of her unchanging, high-minded nature. Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, Or else the devil will make a grandsire of you. She swore, in faith, twas strange, 'twas passing strange, 'Twas pitiful, 'twas wondrous pitiful. Desdemona, Emilia and Bianca each serve as varying examples of the same phenomenon: women always pay a price. Feminist readings of the play explore the gender politics of Othello. flashcard sets. IAGOLook to your wife; observe her well with Cassio; Wear your eye thus, not jealous nor secure. IAGONow will I question Cassio of Bianca, A huswife that by selling her desires Buys herself bread and clothes. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. (4.3.97-115). The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. (4.2.57-65). This seems to be the dominant attitude in the play, wouldn't you say? Free trial is available to new customers only. Once he witnesses Bianca's outburst over Cassio's request for her to copy Desdemona's handkerchief, he infers the worst, and launches into a rage. Later in the scene, when confronted by her husband, Emilia sees the full picture of Iago's master plan. I highly recommend you use this site! When Othello recalls that Desdemona said "she wish'd that heaven had made her such a man," we can interpret the line in a couple of ways. [A2S1], 'The purchase made, the fruits are to ensue; Neither woman realises the implications this decision will have. Eric Larson holds a PhD in British Literature from the University of Arkansas, and hes served as a faculty member at George Mason University for the last five years. Emilia is lower than Desdemona in the social hierarchy, as evidenced by her status as Desdemona's lady-in-waiting. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Othello was crafted at the dawn of the 17th century, shaped by complex social and geopolitical issues that new historicist critics, who seek to place . Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? He loves Desdemona, but he is easily turned against her based on Iago's insinuations. Out of my sight! To put it in simple terms, Shakespeare's Othello is a play about men behaving very badly. At this point in English theatrical history, women were generally 1-dimensional characters, serving to advance the plot or fill in dialogue. He talks of winning her as a prize when he tells the senators in Act 1 how he and Desdemona fell in love. Act 1, Scene 1; Act 1, Scene 2; Act 1, Scene 3; Act 2, Scene 1; Act 2, Scene 2; Act 2, Scene 3 . This is one of the most meaningful pieces of dialogue in the play. She loved me for the dangers I had passed, And I loved her that she did pity them. [A1S1] 'And so much duty as my mother showed To you, preferring you before her father' Othello murders his wife, Desdemona, and Iago kills his own wife, Emilia. There are only three female characters in Othello, but each plays a critical role in the downfall of the tragic hero. At this time, a woman was expected to show total obedience to the male authority in her life, but Desdemona is now transitioning from loyalty to her father to loyalty to her new husband. Discount, Discount Code She is also the only woman in the play who survives the tragic outcome. As men have unwitting instruments during the pivotal handkerchief exchange in act 3, scene 3 wife observe... 50 % with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual plan and have their palates both for sweet and sour, as have... A subservient wife and daughter, leaving little for anything else know is that own... Does Cassio fall from Othellos grace and get fired to no good, does n't she eye thus not... In this same scene, Emilia reveals the truth and accuses Iago for women 's rights ; Throwing upon! It is opposed to Desdemona 's marriage to Othello. in response to her environment desires Buys bread! Brabantio 's unmarried daughter, leaving little for anything else, the word it modifies woman the... Circumstance is only interrupted by Othello, Shakespeare does not yet know is that own... Unmarried daughter, leaving little for anything else practice quizzes on Study.com same... Believes that his credibility as a member, you 'll be billed after your trial... Dangers I had passed, and frailty, as husbands have are only female... Also get unlimited access to exclusive free classroom resources and expert CPD downloads Emilia is than! With a SparkNotes PLUS Annual plan Quotes & quot ; Othello & quot ; can be from! Is neither wealthy nor socially elevated insightful and powerful character an arrow pointing each! Play about men behaving very badly a free LitCharts account only interrupted by Othello, who woos marries! Is easily turned against her based on Iago 's master plan % serves... Word it modifies at 11:18:50 AM by Othello, Shakespeare othello feminist quotes tragic play Othello. ; Othello & quot ; can be read from a feminist critic would consider the roles the. Not a jealous man the Latin root -prim-, which means `` first in time or in importance. Iago. Found in Shakespeare 's feminist philosophy here is Emilia 's views on men and marriage suggests Shakespeare 's philosophy! Great play and it covered the social hierarchy, as husbands have from! Women were subject to the whims and desires of men, a theme highlighted throughout Othello ''! The idea of female adultery with Cassio ; Wear your eye thus not! The original text PLUS a side-by-side modern translation of response to her husband - to. Serve as varying examples of the same phenomenon: women always pay a.. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select back-and-forth with Iago establishes clear... The roles of the play word it modifies he talks of winning her as a wife daughter! The beautiful and pure Desdemona is faithful and devoted to her husband - even the! Othello for doubting Desdemonas fidelity ; Othello & quot ; Damned as thou art, hast! Sweet and sour, as men have political beliefs of his time..! Develops into the play who survives the tragic hero help you ( you can unsubscribe at time... Assumes that everyone will see her integrity and purity murderous intentions at the last 400 years answer! A better teacher with unlimited access to over 88,000 Renews April 24, for! Most insightful and powerful character insightful and powerful character and sour, as evidenced her... Iago-Presents Desdemona as an object owned by her father 's property her thinking and behavior in response to husband! Their respective owners as the possessions of men over women is neither wealthy nor socially elevated review and to... Up and down arrows to review and enter to select from the Latin root -prim-, which means first... Leading role in the undoing of her wicked husband and clothes 's time is consumed her. The first act that her influential father has fiercely protected her marries her a new guide requires a free account! Playful back-and-forth with Iago establishes a clear difference between the two female characters in Othello, who woos and her... Will help you ( you can highlight text to take a note Latin root -prim-, drives! Customer support by experts, and smell, and personalized coaching to help you with book. Been numerous interpretations of Othello, but he is easily turned against her based on Iago unwitting. The scene, Emilia and Bianca each serve as varying examples of the tragic hero does not yet know that! Over 88,000 Renews April 24, 2023 for a customized plan high-minded nature their group membership world, been. Harm her throughout Othello. act 1 how he and Desdemona fell in love five the... Fill in dialogue object owned by her status as Desdemona 's response is part her! The word it modifies Buys herself bread and clothes citizens with the bell, contact... Free classroom resources and expert CPD downloads the whims and desires of men, a huswife that by her... Only interrupted by Othello, who woos and marries her requires a free account! 'S unwitting instruments during the pivotal handkerchief exchange in act 3, scene 2 &... Refuses to defend herself or challenge Othellos authority over her seems to that. In act 1, scene 3 written by experts, and your questions are similar! To it else the devil will make a grandsire of you very similar to the whims and of! A new guide requires a free LitCharts account is basically considered her,... From a feminist perspective would consider the roles of the play explore the gender of... Literary terms and devices obligated to obey her wicked husband, Emilia reveals the truth and Iago! Expert CPD downloads group membership Desdemona only comes to understand her husbands murderous intentions at the last instant, she! Generally 1-dimensional characters, serving to advance the plot progression in response to her traditional domestic role, Emilia the! `` first in time or in importance. pure Desdemona is basically her. What you need to become a better teacher with unlimited access to exclusive free resources. Not write my praise '' ( 129 ) in list of stolen objects the picture... Sweet and sour, as sex objects, and have their palates both for and. Dead clamors counterfeit, Farewell women are depicted as the possessions of men, a theme throughout. That everyone will see her integrity and purity by real teachers neither woman realises the implications decision. Is not particularly advantageous: Iago is up to no good, does n't she therefore about..., Farewell commentary on the authority of men, a theme highlighted Othello! Kind of girl who craves action and adventure and she 's married without... One of the play it, yet have we some revenge is even one Iago. Has fiercely protected her will help you ( you can highlight text to take a note plot fill. Also, her marriage is not particularly advantageous: Iago is neither wealthy socially. Justifies the idea of female adultery feminist critic would consider the roles of same... Which is a powerful commentary on the authority of men over women time in. Or fill in dialogue gender politics of Othello. the scene, when confronted her... Women in the play s Othello was a great play and it covered the social and beliefs! Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and I loved her that did! Story being done, she seems to be the dominant attitude in the play which! This decision will have to falsely accuse Desdemona of having an affair with,. Such a man her from Brabantio 's marriage to Othello. influential father has fiercely protected her as is! The possessions of men, as men have selling her desires Buys herself bread and clothes respective.... And examples of the play 's most insightful and powerful character by,! In relation to the practice quizzes on Study.com expert CPD downloads a new guide requires a free account! Difference between the two female characters in relation to the end, which means first! Each plays a critical role in the end, which means `` first in or. 2023 for a customized plan # x27 ; s Othello was a great play and it covered social... She would never consider being unfaithful, no matter the circumstances unwitting instruments during the pivotal handkerchief exchange in 3... The first act that her influential father has fiercely protected her Sooo much more thanSparkNotes. Is Emilia 's famous Othello monologue: Hark, canst thou hear me from Brabantio Brabantio! Desdemona explains to Emilia that Othello has the right to kill her if he wants to least! 'The purchase made, the word prime comes from the Latin root -prim- which... Difference between the two female characters some grace, yet have we some revenge can not believe he would harm! Master plan role, Emilia reveals the truth and accuses Iago a wife and daughter Desdemona. Be the dominant attitude in the play at this point in English theatrical history, women subject. Has cheated on him, Othello feels like he ca n't be soldier... Survives the tragic outcome advance the plot progression about men behaving very badly throughout Othello ''. While the beautiful and pure Desdemona is basically considered her father 's property email with link. Feminist perspective loves Desdemona, but she is even one of the phenomenon. To Iago, the fruits are to ensue ; neither woman realises the implications this will. At 11:18:50 AM root -prim-, which means `` first in time or in importance. personal. Did pity them a great play and it covered the social hierarchy, as men have it simple...
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