He nonetheless washes his hands of guilt after the tortures have been administered. November 9 is the feast-day of Claudia Procula, Pontius Pilate's wife. [252], Pilate makes a brief appearance in the preface to George Bernard Shaw's 1933 play On the Rocks where he argues against Jesus about the dangers of revolution and of new ideas. Ignatius stresses all these events in his epistles as historical facts. [92], According to Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews (18.4.12), Pilate's removal as governor occurred after Pilate slaughtered a group of armed Samaritans at a village called Tirathana near Mount Gerizim, where they hoped to find artifacts that had been buried there by Moses. Ararat? "[256] Pilate becomes obsessed with his guilt for having killed Jesus. [125] In the mid-20th century, A. Mazar tentatively identified it as the Arrub aqueduct that brought water from Solomon's Pools to Jerusalem, an identification supported in 2000 by Kenneth Lnnqvist. Supposedly, his name was changed in Pontus to Pontius Pilate and he was eventually appointed the sixth governor or procurator of Judea by Sejanus, a favorite of the Roman emperor Tiberius. He was always concerned about Rome's opinion of him. [60][54] Lmonon, however, argues against this identification. He is frequently depicted as a more important character to the narrative than even Jesus,[227] and became one of the most important figures of medieval drama in the fifteenth century. He was appointed prefect of Judaea through the intervention of Sejanus, a favourite of the Roman emperor Tiberius. All Rights Reserved. Pontius Pilate was a Roman governor who governed the province of Judaea from 26 to 36 AD. Antiquities of the Jews 18.3.3. His term of office was during the subsequent reign of Tiberius from 26-36 CE. I've done quite a bit of research, the Bible mentions the wife of Pontius Pilate but not by name. Cyclopedia of Biblical Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. [239] In several English plays, Pilate is portrayed speaking French or Latin, the languages of the ruling classes and the law. Pontius Pilate never, so far as we know, heard Jesus teach or experienced a miracle. [5], While he was sitting on the judgment seat, his wife sent him a message, saying, Have nothing to do with that righteous Man; for last night I suffered greatly in a dream because of Him. Matthew 27:19(NASB). [176] Per a local legend,[180] the village of Fortingall in Scotland claims to be Pilate's birthplace, but this is almost certainly a 19th-century inventionparticularly as the Romans did not invade the British Isles until 43. Lets discover what happened to Pontius Pilate after the death of Christ? . In Western Christian texts, he was instead portrayed as a negative figure and villain, with traditions surrounding his death by suicide featuring prominently. [102] Maier argues that "[i]n all probability, then, the fate of Pontius Pilate lay clearly in the direction of a retired government official, a pensioned Roman ex-magistrate, than in anything more disastrous. [78] Demandt dismisses the notion that Pilate was involved. [269] Martin Winkler, however, argues that Ben-Hur provides a more nuanced and less condemnatory portrayal of Pilate and the Roman Empire than most American films of the period. The name "Procula" is derived from the translation of the Gospel of Nicodemus , also called the Acts of Pilate, which scholars think was written in the 4th century. Founder, MD Paelon Memorial Hospital, Entrepreneur , Paediatrician , ISTM Certified Travel Medicine Physician, Conflict Dynamics Certified Mediator, Experienced Primary Care Physician [27] He was probably married, but the only extant reference to his wife, in which she tells him not to interact with Jesus after she has had a disturbing dream (Matthew 27:19), is generally dismissed as legendary. And his arms were worn away from entreating Pilo from 36 Pontius Pilate's Wife ^ afar off to turn to him. [248] Another play focusing on Pilate's death is Cornish and based on the Mors Pilati. And that these things did happen, you can ascertain from the Acts of Pontius Pilate. He became famous for the trial and crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth (c. 30 CE). Pilate was apparently not threatened by Jesus since he had not taken action earlier. 1 Timothy 6:13 chapter context similar meaning "I give thee charge in the sight of God, who quickeneth all things, and before Christ Jesus, who before Pontius Pilate witnessed a good confession;" 1 Timothy 6:13 KJV copy save I give thee charge in the sight of God, who quickeneth all things, and before Christ Jesus, who before Pontius Pilate witnessed a good confession; (That his title was prefect is confirmed by an inscription from Caesarea in ancient Palestine.). Please select which sections you would like to print: Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [132], Positive traditions about Pilate are frequent in Eastern Christianity, particularly in Egypt and Ethiopia, whereas negative traditions predominate in Western and Byzantine Christianity. [270], Only one film has been made entirely in Pilate's perspective, the 1962 French-Italian Ponzio Pilato, where Pilate was played by Jean Marais. Pilate weakly capitulates. Pilate's importance in modern Christianity is underscored by his prominent place in both the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds. It appears that Pilate attempted to avoid a direct conflict with the Jewish leaders by hoping that King Herod might release Jesus (Luke 23:7-11). The second-century pagan philosopher Celsus polemically asked why, if Jesus was God, God had not punished Pilate, indicating that he did not believe that Pilate shamefully committed suicide. Flavius Josephus. [11] The most important sources are the Embassy to Gaius (after the year 41) by contemporary Jewish writer Philo of Alexandria,[12] the Jewish Wars (c.74) and Antiquities of the Jews (c.94) by the Jewish historian Josephus, as well as the four canonical Christian Gospels, Mark (composed between 6670), Luke (composed between 8590), Matthew (composed between 8590), and John (composed between 90110);[11] he is also mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles (composed between 8590) and by the First Epistle to Timothy (written in the second half of the 1st century). Pontius Pilate was the Roman prefect (governor) of Judaea (2636 CE) who presided at the trial of Jesus and gave the order for his crucifixion. Five chapters of the novel are featured as chapters of The Master and Margarita. Many of these legends connected Pilate's place of birth or death to particular locations around Western Europe, such as claiming his body was buried in a particularly dangerous or cursed local area. [145] The Gospel includes a scene in which the centurions who had been guarding Jesus' tomb report to Pilate that Jesus has been resurrected. He convicted Jesus of treason and declared that Jesus thought himself King of the Jews, and had Jesus crucified. [50], The Gospel of Luke mentions in passing Galileans "whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices" (Luke 13:1). [115] The more recent scholars Alexander Demandt and Henry MacAdam both believe that the inscription is genuine, but attests to a person who simply had the same cognomen as Pontius Pilate. [11][75] Josephus also mentioned Jesus's execution by Pilate at the request of prominent Jews (Antiquities of the Jews 18.3.3); the text may have been altered by Christian interpolation, but the reference to the execution is generally considered authentic. [179] The cities of Huesca and Seville are other cities in Spain associated with Pilate. [28] According to the cursus honorum established by Augustus for office holders of equestrian rank, Pilate would have had a military command before becoming prefect of Judaea; Alexander Demandt speculates that this could have been with a legion stationed at the Rhine or Danube. [181], Pilate was also the subject of legends in Eastern Christianity. Pilate dies seven months later. [61], According to Philo's Embassy to Gaius (Embassy to Gaius 38), Pilate offended against Jewish law by bringing golden shields into Jerusalem, and placing them on Herod's Palace. 1887, p. 199. [177] A number of traditions also connected Pilate to Germany. [219] In 1896, Munkcsy painted a second painting featuring Christ and Pilate, Ecce homo, which however was never exhibited in the United States; both paintings portray Jesus's fate as in the hands of the crowd rather than Pilate. The emperor in Rome is suffering from a terrible disease at this time, and hearing of Christ's healing powers, sends for him only to learn from Saint Veronica that Christ has been crucified, but she possesses a cloth with the image of his face. "[107] Originally, the inscription would have included an abbreviated letter for Pilate's praenomen (e.g., T. for Titus or M. for Marcus). [108] The stone attests Pilate's title of prefect and the inscription appears to refer to some kind of building called a Tiberieum, a word otherwise unattested[109] but following a pattern of naming buildings about Roman emperors. [224] One of the earliest literary works in which he plays a large role is French writer Anatole France's 1892 short story "Le Procurateur de Jude" ("The Procurator of Judaea"), which portrays an elderly Pilate who has been banished to Sicily. "[54], According to Josephus in his The Jewish War (2.9.2) and Antiquities of the Jews (18.3.1), Pilate offended the Jews by moving imperial standards with the image of Caesar into Jerusalem. [26] As one of the attested Pontii, Pontius Aquila (an assassin of Julius Caesar), was a tribune of the plebs, the family must have originally been of plebeian origin. Pontius Pilate (Latin: Pontius Pilatus; Greek: , Pontios Pilatos) was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, serving under Emperor Tiberius from 26/27 to 36/37 AD. [249] The Mystre de la Passion d'Angers by Jean Michel includes legendary scenes of Pilate's life before the passion. [133][134] Additionally, earlier Christian traditions portray Pilate more positively than later ones,[135] a change which Ann Wroe suggests reflects the fact that, following the legalization of Christianity in the Roman Empire by the Edict of Milan (312), it was no longer necessary to deflect criticism of Pilate (and by extension of the Roman Empire) for his role in Jesus's crucifixion onto the Jews. Professor Kevin Butcher, Classics and Ancient History. [152] Another purports to be an angry reply by Tiberius, condemning Pilate for his role in Jesus' death, the Letter of Tiberius to Pilate. [231], Pontius Pilate appears as a character in a large number of literary works, typically as a character in the judgment of Christ. "[276], Pontius Pilate is mentioned as having been involved in the crucifixion in both the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Justin Martyr. A few years later, Pilate is brought to his father's court where he kills his half-brother. Pontius Pilate knew that Jesus didn't deserve to die; he even declared Jesus's innocence during the trial. Many sources within the Bible (as well as other historical accounts) sketch him as a bully and a coward. One famous nineteenth-century painting of Pilate is Christ before Pilate (1881) by Hungarian painter Mihly Munkcsy: the work brought Munkcsy great fame and celebrity in his lifetime, making his reputation and being popular in the United States in particular, where the painting was purchased. McClintock and Strong. This reference has been variously interpreted as referring to one of the incidents recorded by Josephus, or to an entirely unknown incident. Pontius Pilate has come down in history because of his role in the execution of Jesus and because of his mention in the Christian statement of faith known . [49] Similarly, Helen Bond argues that Pilate is depicted working closely with the Jewish authorities in the execution of Jesus. Antiquities of the Jews 18.4.1. The dream of "Claudia" is referred to in Matthew 27:19: While Pilate was sitting in the judgment hall, his wife sent him a message: "Have nothing to do with that innocent man, because in a dream last night, I suffered much on account of him.". He was [the] Christ; and when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men amongst us, had condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him, for he appeared to them alive again the third day, as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten thousand other wonderful things concerning him; and the tribe of Christians, so named from him, are not extinct to this day.[6]. Donations to this ministry aretax-deductible. And in my sweat of pity, for Pontius was a just man and very learned, I woke. Copyright Like The Master Ministries. Some standards bearing the image of Tiberius, which had been set up by him in Jerusalem, caused an outbreak which would have ended in a massacre had not Pilate given way. Alexander Demandt suggests that the leader of this movement may have been Dositheos, a messiah-like figure among the Samaritans who was known to have been active around this time. [3], But now Pilate, the procurator of Judea, removed the army from Cesarea to Jerusalem, to take their winter quarters there, in order to abolish the Jewish laws. [261] The German Catholic novelist Gertrud von Le Fort's Die Frau des Pilatus portrays Pilate's wife as converting to Christianity after attempting to save Jesus and assuming Pilate's guilt for herself; Pilate executes her as well. [1] The Samnites lived in the southern region of Italy. [99], The church historian Eusebius (Church History 2.7.1), writing in the early fourth century, claims that "tradition relates that" Pilate committed suicide after he was recalled to Rome due to the disgrace he was in. 4. Come, see the place where He was lying. Matthew 28:1-6(NASB). [238], Hourihane argues that in England, where the Jews had been expelled in 1290 CE, Pilate's characterization may have been used primarily to satyrize corrupt officials and judges rather than to stoke antisemitism. [152] Another early text is an apocryphal letter attributed to "Herod" (a composite character of the various Herods in the Bible), which claims to respond to a letter from Pilate in which Pilate spoke of his remorse for Jesus' crucifixion and of having had a vision of the risen Christ; "Herod" asks Pilate to pray for him. [242] It is he alone who wishes to kill Christ rather than the high priests, conspiring together with Judas. So he introduced Caesars effigies, which were upon the ensigns, and brought them into the city; whereas our law forbids us the very making of images; on which account the former procurators were wont to make their entry into the city with such ensigns as had not those ornaments. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Pilate has also frequently been portrayed in film. [193] New images of Pilate that appear in this period include depictions of the Ecce homo, Pilate's presentation of the scourged Jesus to the crowd in John 19:5,[194] as well as scenes deriving from the apocryphal Acts of Pilate. [29] Although it is therefore likely Pilate served in the military, it is nevertheless not certain. [110] Bond argues that we cannot be sure what kind of building this referred to. Updated on January 14, 2020. The leader of the Samaritan group had promised that He would show them those sacred vessels which were laid under that place, because Moses put them there.[9] But Pilate sent his troops and defeated them before they arrived at Mt. According to some traditions, the Roman emperor Caligula ordered Pontius Pilate to death by execution or suicide. [30], Pilate was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, during the reign of the emperor Tiberius. He expresses disgust at the Jewish authorities' treatment of Jesus when Jesus is brought before him and offers Jesus a drink of water. 1 She is only mentioned in relation to her husband, Pontius Pilate, so background from her husband's life and policies in the Jewish territories provides some context for her surroundings.Pontius Pilate was appointed governor of Judea (A.D. 26 . [76] Discussing the paucity of extra-biblical mentions of the crucifixion, Alexander Demandt argues that the execution of Jesus was probably not seen as a particularly important event by the Romans, as many other people were crucified at the time and forgotten. Britannica 2005. [235] In the 1493 Frankfurter Passionsspiel, on the other hand, Pilate himself accuses Christ. [217] In 1830, J. M. W. Turner painted Pilate Washing His Hands, in which the governor himself is not visible, but rather only the back of his chair,[218] with lamenting women in the foreground. [206] Colum Hourihane argues that all of these plays supported antisemitic tropes and were written at times when persecution of Jews on the continent were high. But the Jews showed so little fear of death, that Pilate relented and removed the standards. [241] In the fifteenth-century English Townley Cycle, Pilate is portrayed as a pompous lord and prince of the Jews, but also as forcing Christ's torturer to give him Christ's clothes at the foot of the cross. He was sent back to Rome by the legate of Syria to answer for this incident before Tiberius, but the emperor died before Pilate arrived in Rome. [121] As was typical of Roman coins struck in Judaea, they did not have a portrait of the emperor, though they included some pagan designs. But fear of forfeiting his political power kept Pilate from issuing a just verdict. [188] 44 depictions of Pilate predate the sixth century and are found on ivory, in mosaics, in manuscripts as well as on sarcophagi. Justin Martyr. [237], The fifteenth-century Roman Passione depicts Pilate as trying to save Jesus against the wishes of the Jews. [232] Pilate goes on to play an important role in the increasingly long and elaborate passion plays performed in the German-speaking countries and in France. Corrections? [79] It is generally assumed, based on the unanimous testimony of the gospels, that the crime for which Jesus was brought to Pilate and executed was sedition, founded on his claim to be king of the Jews. [127] However, more recent research, published in 2021, dates the construction of another one of the aqueducts providing water to the Solomon's Pools, namely the Biar Aqueduct (also known as Wadi el-Biyar Aqueduct), to the mid-first century AD, probably during the time of Pilate. [163] A similar narrative plays out in the Vindicta Salvatoris (8th century). If the tradition is true, she dreamed of the countless recitations and liturgical chants of . [23] In the Gospels of Mark and John, Pilate is only called by his cognomen, which Marie-Joseph Ollivier takes to mean that this was the name by which he was generally known in common speech. [142] Originally, these texts served both to unburden Pilate of guilt for the death of Jesus as well as to provide more complete records of Jesus's trial. Luke 23:8(NASB), Pilate was apparently not threatened by Jesus since he had not taken action earlier. For other uses, see, High and late medieval and renaissance art, Later Christian tradition gives Pilate's wife the names Procula (, Pilate's title as governor, as attested on the Pilate stone, is ", Karen Cokayne, Experiencing Old Age in Ancient Rome, p.100, Roman Procurator coinage Pontius Pilate, List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources, https://library.brown.edu/iip/viewinscr/caes0043/, "Notorious Pontius Pilate Is the One Who Built Jerusalem Aqueduct, Study Finds", "Pontius Pilate's Scottish roots 'a joke', "Mystery of the '5,000-year-old' yew of Fortingall", "An Inscribed Copper-Alloy Finger Ring from Herodium Depicting a Krater", "Saint Pilate and the Conversion of Tiberius", "The Invention of Christian Tradition: "Apocrypha," Imperial Policy, and Anti-Jewish Propaganda", "Phrases and Expressions that originated in the Bible", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate&oldid=1150174332, This page was last edited on 16 April 2023, at 18:27. Pontius Pilate's wife is the unnamed spouse of Pontius Pilate, who appears only once in the Gospel of Matthew, where she intercedes with Pilate on Jesus' behalf.It is uncertain whether Pilate was actually married, although it is likely. In later tradition, she becomes known as Procula (Latin: Procula) or Procla (Ancient Greek: ) and plays a role in various New Testament Apocrypha. [96] The only sure outcome of Pilate's return to Rome is that he was not reinstated as governor of Judaea, either because the hearing went badly, or because Pilate did not wish to return. Some people told Jesus about a group of Galileans who had come to the temple to sacrifice, and Pontius Pilate slaughtered them, probably due to a public disturbance the Galileans were causing (Luke 13:1). [206] In many other images, however, he is depicted as a king or with a mixture of attributes of a Jew and a king. [147], In the most common version of the passion narrative in the apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus (also called the Acts of Pilate), Pilate is portrayed as forced to execute Jesus by the Jews and as distraught at having done so. [68] Bond argues that the number of Galileans killed does not seem to have been particularly high. Josephus tells us that in order to abolish Jewish laws, and with the intent of diminishing privileges Jews had hitherto enjoyed, Pilate ordered his troops to encamp in Jerusalem and sent them into the city with images of the emperor attached to their ensigns. [250] Spending his time at the baths of Baiae, Pilate is unable to remember Jesus at all. In Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), Pilate is played by David Bowie, who appears as "gaunt and eerily hermaphrodite. That would be wonderful if true. Others suggest that he was executed during the reign of Emperor Nero. [258] Pilate's burden of guilt is finally lifted by the Master when he encounters him at the end of Bulgakov's novel. The cities of Lyon and Vienne in modern France claim to be Pilate's birthplace: Vienne has a Maison de Pilate, a Prtoire de Pilate and a Tour de Pilate. In them, Pilate is portrayed as wishing to save Jesus, being affected by his charisma, but as too cowardly to do so. Eusebius reported that Pontius Pilate committed suicide during the reign of Caius or Emperor Caligula. [91] N. T. Wright and Craig A. Evans argue that Pilate's hesitation was due to the fear of causing a revolt during Passover, when large numbers of pilgrims were in Jerusalem. ( 8th century ) to one of the Roman emperor Caligula kills his half-brother Pilate sent his troops defeated... Can not be sure what kind of building this referred to, or to an entirely incident... 'S life before the Passion Jesus of treason and declared that Jesus thought himself King the... 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