Subsequently, the Wateree was thrown on its side and continued to be impacted by surging sea. On the night of July 9, 1958, an earthquake along the Fairweather Fault in the Alaska Panhandle loosened about 40 million cubic yards (30.6 million cubic meters) of rock high above the northeastern shore of Lituya Bay. Seismol. The reports on maximum tsunami wave height differ. According to his account, when they reached shore, the water in the harbor was receding rapidly and various small crafs were carried around by stong currents. KAIAPOI NEW ZEALAND 43.40S 172.67E 1.5 (above) Simulated tide gauge record of the 1868 tsunami in Lyttelton Harbour. LE BON BAY NEW ZEALAND 0.00N 0.00E OBS. What they were observing was a precursor to the incoming gigantic tsunami waves generated due to a M 9.3 Great undersea earthquake off the coast of Banda Aceh, northern Sumatra. The tsunami and earthquake killed thousands of people along the South American Coast. The tsunami was devastating in the source area along the Peru/Chile border and was recorded throughout the Pacific with significant effects including one death in New Zealand. On July 21, 365 AD, a magnitude 8 submarine earthquake caused a tsunami that was responsible for extensive destruction in Li Egypt, Palestine, Cyprus, Sicily and the Greek Isles. One in three earthquakes at sea can cause a Tsunami. This account seems to be inaccurate. VALPARAISO CHILE 33.08S 71.67W OBS. HOKKAIDO IS., HAKODATE JAPAN 41.77N 140.73E 1.5 ARICA CHILE 18.48S 70.33W 15.0 LITTLETON NEW ZEALAND 43.62S 172.72E 5.4 (2014) Tsunami Hazards in New Zealand Ports, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 10.1007/s00024-014-0987-4. The wave completely demolished the Fredonia and drowned twenty-seven of its officers and men. Remembering 1867, we can conclude that the current push for “tsunami-readiness” by the Government of the Virgin Islands, joined by educators and members of the private sector, is very well advised. To see it animated, click here. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 9, 1823 –1834. Similarly there are many errors in the literature concerning tsunami runup at distant locations. 3, v. 3, p. 273-336 (1898). Location Region Latitude Longitude Amplitude (m) Arrival time (day hr. 26.80S 144.33W OBS. latitude) where the 1868 tsunamisgenic earthquake occurred is a very active seismic zone. (Source: Wikipedia and Jose Borrero personal collection). The white lines are 1-hour travel time contours for the tsunami wave front. Cox D.C. and G. Pararas-Carayannis (1976). There were significant Pacific-wide effects from the tsunami - which was particularly damaging in New Zealand, Australia, Samoa, Hawaii, San Pedro in California and Japan. Recent tsunami events, such as the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami in the Indian Ocean and the 2010 Chile and 2011 Japan events in the Pacific, have each caused damage and/or disruption to port and maritime facilities at locations hundreds or thousands of kilometres away from the tsunami source region. TALCAHUANO CHILE 36.67S 73.17W 4.0 Among these, the Port of Lyttelton in Christchurch was hit particularly hard with tsunami heights (peak to trough) of over 7 m causing extensive damage and strong currents that ripped boats from their mooring and causing numerous collisions. The deadliest tsunami in recorded history occurred in the Indian Ocean in December 2004. Tsunami modelling done with the MOST tsunami model by Jose Borrero of eCoast. particularly along the zone where the Nazca tectonic plate subducts the continent. The first sea level fluctuation was a withdrawal of the sea 22 minutes after the earthquake. If the flank of the edge of the volcano was suddenly uplifted, or depressed, it may cause a tsunami. Tsunami waves caused extensive destruction to coastal towns and ports along the coast of Peru and Northern Chile. The UN Secretary-General’s Special Representative for Disaster Risk … eCoast Receives Funding for Tsunami Research and Assessment in the Northland Region, Port of Lyttelton in Christchurch was hit particularly hard, common feature caused by tsunami currents, Northland Civil Defence Emergency Management (CDEM) Group, Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management, builds on/extends existing tsunami modelling for the Northland Region, EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI OF 13 AUGUST 1868 IN ARICA, PERU. NEIC Earthquake Search, Pararas-Carayannis, G., 1969. CALLAO CHILE 12.08S 77.13W 4.0 Tsunamis are caused by earthquakes or other seismic eruptions on ground of an oceans and can cause massive tidal waves, which run with enormous force on land, causing great devastation. This happened 150 years ago, what’s the big deal? National Earthquake Information Center Earthquake Data Base (2000). The tsunami contained twice the energy of all the bombs utilized throughout World War II. CASMA PERU 9.50S 78.30W 2.5, ACAPULCO MEXICO 16.85N 99.90W OBS. PORT CHARLES, OREWA NEW ZEALAND 45.82S 170.65E 1.8 Because of seismic and volcanic activity at tectonic plate boundaries along the Pacific Ring of Fire, tsunamis occur most frequently in thePacific Ocean, but are worldwide natural phenomena. Locally, the disaster caused extensive damage to villages and towns alog the coast of Southern Peru and Northern Chile and killed hundreds of people in the immediate region. Studies on the tsunamis on the Sanriku Coast of the northeastern Honsbu in Japan, Geophys. However, around 6:30 that evening, a much larger wave with an estimated crest at more than 40 feet crashed onto the deck of the Wateree and swung violently on its anchors. Almost double the number of Asian Tsunami victims die every month of preventable or treatable diseases in Africa. Naval Institute "Proceedings", July 1926, page 1323. which was particularly damaging in New Zealand, Australia, Samoa, Hawaii, San Pedro in California and Japan. DISASTER PAGES Montessus de Ballore (1907) refers to a report by Schmick (1879) of a 21 m. runup at San Pedro. CASMA CHILE 9.50S 78.30W 2.5 When the tsunami occurred and the water first withdrew, the USS Fredonia sat on the bottom. The project is slated to continue through the year with results and products coming online in late 2018 or early 2019. West at sea about 70 km from Arica. Chile's seismotectonic zone has three distinct segments. Lynett, P.J., Borrero, J.C., Son, S., Wilson, R.W. It was generated by an extremely large earthquake off the northwest coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Actually this would be recorded as a local earthquake and this is basically what happened in the 1868 … OAMARU NEW ZEALAND 45.10S 170.97E 4.5 For example, Alexander 91891) gives the date of the tsunami in the Hawaiian Islands as August 15, 1868 and other Hawaiian publications erroneously report the year of occurrence as 1871 (Pararas-Carayannis, 1969). The earthquake triggered tsunami warnings throughout the Pacific basin. and 24ºS. The tsunami completely destroyed Fredonia, killing all but two of its crewmen, and grounded the other two vessels hundreds of meters inland. So why should we care? JUAN FERNANDEZ ISLAND CHILE 33.00S 80.00W 2.0 TRUJILLO PERU 8.10S 79.00W OBS. Iquique, Mejillones, Tocopilla, Coquimbo, Constitución, Tomé, Concepción, Talcahuano, Coronel and other towns and villages were particularly damaged. The project builds on/extends existing tsunami modelling for the Northland Region and involves extensive computer simulations of tsunami effects in the ports and harbours as well as a detailed assessment of the types and condition of the infrastructure that is present at each facility. 1, v. 1, p. 133- 365 (1887); Pt. Aftershocks - There were no instrumental recordings at that time but it was reported that several strong aftershocks occurred in the following hours, days, weeks and months. Gutenberg andRichter (1959) give the reported height as 18 m. and indicate it is most probably a mistake. ANTARCTICA 0.00N 0.00E OBS. 11, and Iida as August. SAN PEDRO CALIFORNIA 33.75N 118.29W 0.8 Event Details Origin Times: Shortly afterwards the first tsunami wave arrived and the smaller boats begun to smash against the shore. The 14th of August 1868 was a typical mid winter’s day throughout New Zealand. FERROCARRIL CHILE 0.00N 0.00E 6.0 EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI OF 13 AUGUST 1868 IN ARICA, PERU – Website of Dr. George Pararas – Carayannis. Lyttelton would be the most vulnerable with others such as Marsden Point, Gisborne, Napier, and Timaru all experiencing significant effects including strong currents, damage and possible shutdown of operations. Freeman & Co . The historical record is filled with descriptive accounts of the tsunami affecting New Zealand. (NZST): 0930 hrs, August 14, 1868. KANAIO, MOLOKAI HAWAII 0.00N 0.00E 1.5 However, another account states that a subsequent tsunami in 1877 refloated the ship and deposited approximately 7.4 km in a northeast direction and beached about 1850 meters away of the coastline. RAPA I. TUBUAI IS. and Power, W.L. According to one account, the USS “Wateree” was dragged about 3km inland and deposited at what is now known as "Chinchorro" beach at the foot of Cerro Chuño (a coastal hill). 9.00S 139.50W OBS. This tidal wave was caused by a volcano and damaged several cities. NAPIER NEW ZEALAND 39.48S 176.97E 1.0 (above) Eddies (or whirlpools) such as this are a common feature caused by tsunami currents in ports or harbours. The wave reached a height of 524 meters (1,719 feet). The red line is the simulated tsunami + tide. (above) Snapshots of the tsunami crossing the Pacific at 6, 10 and 14 hours after the earthquake. However, the ship was badly damaged and since it was beyond any cost of effective repair, it was sold for its scrap value. MEJILLONES CHILE 23.05S 70.42W 6.0 The historical records and literature pertaining to this event were thoroughly examined by Iida, Cox and Pararas-Carayannis in their catalog of Tsunamis in the Pacific (1967) in an effort to reconcile differerences in reported dates, tsunami travel and heights and events related to the near and far-field effects of the tsunami. Locally, there was extensive loss of life and destruction in the upper part of the city (Arica) from the earthquake. San Francisco, 767 pp. HOKKAIDO, HAKODATE JAPAN 41.77N 140.73E 2.0. Lander, J.F., P.A. Catalog of Tsunamis in the Hawaiian Islands. Especially in regions with only few tsunamis, the damage is often drastic, as the population does not expect tsunamis and thus hardly takes any protective measures. OCAIN BAY NEW ZEALAND 0.00N 0.00E 2.5 PORT CHALMERS NEW ZEALAND 45.82S 170.65E 3.3 KODIAK ALASKA 57.79N 152.41W 2.2 Death Toll and Damages - The historical accounts of the death toll from this event differ significantly. Tsunami destroyed cities along the Southern Shore of Peru, It took more than 13 hours for the waves to reach New Zealand waters arriving in the early hours of August 15, 1868. The tsunami devastated the islands and coasts of more than … SIEBERG, A., 1932. , Mag., Tokyo, v. 32, no. Morales y Cañon, 198 5El tsunami del 13 de agosto de 1868. Now available TAMBO PERU 7.58S 78.70W OBS. CHATHAM ISLAND NEW ZEALAND 44.00S 176.58W OBS. Those types of effects occur in the immediate source regions of powerful earthquakes, as was the case in Japan. AKAROA NEW ZEALAND 43.83S 172.98E OBS. 4, p. 355-356. Lander, J.F. The tsunami claimed the lives of more than 230,000 people. PIGEON BAY NEW ZEALAND 41.25S 175.25E 2.5 WELLINGTON NEW ZEALAND 41.28S 174.78E OBS. YOKOHAMA JAPAN 35.46N 139.62E OBS. (2015) South American Tsunamis in Lyttelton Harbor, New Zealand, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 10.1007/s00024-014-1026-1. On August 13, 1868 a great earthquake in the offshore area near Arica, Peru (at that time) generated a Pacific-wide tsunami. There were several ships anchored offshore near Arica at the time. Tsunamis Affecting Alaska 1737-1996, NGDC Key to Geophysical Record Documentation No. SAN PEDRO PHILIPPINES 0.00N 0.00E OBS. Among these, the Port of Lyttelton in Christchurch was hit particularly hard with tsunami heights (peak to trough) of over 7 m causing extensive damage and strong currents that ripped boats from their mooring and causing numerous collisions. and 20ºS. Maximum wave, 2 hr after the quake, wrecked most ships in harbor. NAKA RYUKYU JAPAN 0.00N 0.00E OBS. WILMINGTON BEACH CALIFORNIA 33.76N 118.27W 0.8 These two ships had moved to Arica from Callao, Peru, because, at the time, there were reported cases of yellow fever. Presently eCoast is working with the Northland Regional Council and Northland Civil Defence Emergency Management (CDEM) Group on a project sponsored by the Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management to better understand the tsunami hazards in maritime facilities. The timing of earthquakes and tsunamis is unpredictable. World Data Center A - Tsunami, 94pp, May 1969. At that time the severe strain on the chains resulted in the break of the starboard chain and the ship begun drifting rapidly towards shore. However, this seems rather long, so there is a possibility that the reports did not distinguish between the main shock and the stong aftershcoks that followed. The tsunami triggered by the 21 May 2003 Boumerdès-Zemmouri (Algeria) earthquake: field investigations on the French Mediterranean coast and tsunami modelling. An hour later the surges began affecting the east coasts of the North and South Islands with the strongest and most disruptive effects occurring in the ports and harbours. NAHA JAPAN 26.22N 127.75E 1.0 The deep earthquakes (deeper than 525 km) define two relatively narrow belts of activity, and the number of small-magnitude events relative to the number of large-magnitude events is very low. The tsunami of April 1, 1946, Bull. Above water landslides and space borne objects can disturb the water from above the surface. For example, Montessus de Balolore (1907) refers to a report by Schmick (1879) of a 21 m. runup at San Pedro, California. Two subsequent waves crushed on the port's wharf - the first sweeping the people who were providing aid to the crew of beached ships. RICHTER, C. F., 1958. Some authors show dates of August 14 and 15 but these are dates of tsunami observation at distant points, not dates of generation. (1996). Gutenberg and Richter (1959) give the reported height as 18 m. for San Pedro and indiacate it is most probably a mistake - which it was. Elementary Seismology, W. H . FAR-FIELD EFFECTS - There are several errors in the literature regarding the dates of the tsunami . List of historic tsunamis This article lists notable historic tsunamis, which are sorted by the date and location that the tsunami occurred, the earthquake that generated it, or both. According to Milne (1915) the tsunami caused 25,000 deaths. When Gillis returned, the Wateree was resting on a point nearly 500 yards from the high-water mark, some 12 feet above sea level. In terms of lives lost by the impact of the 1868 tsunami, the USS “Wateree” fared much better. of Geophys., HIG-67-10, University of Hawaii, 131 pp. Major differences is seismicity, in morphology of the coast and in potential for generation of large tsunamis exist along the entire coastline of Chile. WAIMEA BAY, KAUAI HAWAII 21.95N 159.67W 0.9 SAN DIEGO CALIFORNIA 32.71N 117.17W 0.3 CONSTITUCION CHILE 35.33S 72.42W 3.5 The earthquake of August 13, 1868 struck near the city with an estimated magnitude of 8.0 to 9.0 Estimates on the death toll vary greatly, some estimates have the number at 25,000 to 70,000 people. US Navy Photograph of the beached boats USS “Wateree” and of the Peruvian corvette “America” in the background, Halftone image, copied from the U.S. (Data used with permission from the National Center for Tsunami Research and plotted by Jose Borrero, eCoast). NELSON PORT NEW ZEALAND 41.28S 173.28E 1.2 In New Zealand the tsunami caused substantial damage on the Chatham Islands and Banks Peninsula. Magnitude - 8.5 Richter scale (Reconstructed estimate). The tsunami that was caused by a M 9 earthquake in Chile hit the shores of New Zealand in the early hours of 15 August, taking 15 hours to arrive here. NEWCASTLE AUSTRALIA 32.93S 151.78E OBS. 1, p. 1-65. The 1868 Hawaii earthquake was the largest recorded in the history of Hawaiʻi island, with an estimated magnitude of 7.9 on the Richter magnitude scale and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). International Journal of Tsunami Society, All Past Issues ASTORIA OREGON 46.21N 123.77W 0.1 This tsunami was caused by a magnitude 7.8 earthquake and the resulting landslide of 90 million tons of rock. MARQUESAS IS. Specifically, the northernmost region of Chile(between 18ºS. ISLAY PERU 17.03S 72.10W 12.0 Earthquakee Geogrophy: Handbuch der Geophysik [German), v. 4, p. 687-1005 [Not seen, cited by Gutenberg and Richter, 1954]. Seismicity of Northern Chile/ Southern Peru. OTAGO BAY NEW ZEALAND 0.00N 0.00E 0.3 SANDGATE AUSTRALIA 27.30S 153.00E OBS. Similarly, a violent marine volcanic eruption can create an impulsive force that displaces the water column and generates a tsunami. EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI OF 13 AUGUST 1868 IN ARICA, PERU. Already, most of the town of Arica lay in ruins and its harbor was filled with debris, lumber, shrubbery, cattle and even railroad cars. The falling debris displaces the water from its equilibrium position and produces a tsunami. The cries of the injured could be heard occasionally over the sound of the wave. A tsunami with a record run-up height of 1720 feet occurred in Lituya Bay, Alaska. Besides the 1868 earthquake and tsunami other great tsunamigenic earthquakes in 1604, 1705 and 1877 destroyed Arica (located at 18.5ºS.latitude) as well as other coastal towns and and had Pacific-wide, destructive impacts. Ground Motions - According to eyewitness reports the ground motions lasted four to five minutes. The city has been devastated by several earthquakes, including the 1868 Arica earthquake, the 1877 Iquique earthquake, and the 2005 Tarapacá earthquake. For example, Alexander (1893) gives the date of impact in the Hawaiian islands as August 15, 1868 while other Hawaiian publications erroneously report the year of occurrence as 1871. Iquique, Mejillones, Tocopilla, Coquimbo, Constitución, Tomé, Concepción, Talcahuano, Coronel and other towns and villages were particularly damaged. Looking toward the town of Arica, he saw buildings collapsing and realized that the town was impacted by a severe earthquake. Oscillations in the harbor continued for three days. 1868 1604 1746 Nazca Ridge PISCO Lima (Callao) Camana Arica Ilo Mollendo Mejia Islay Yauca San Juan Lomas Ica Huacho Barranca Chimbote SOUTHERN PERU—13AUGUST 1868 Catastrophic Earthquakeand Tsunami Destroyed Arica, Peru [nowChile]. from 1982 - archived by volume, title and names of authors. CHALA HARBOR PERU 15.88S 74.22W 15.0 Only three of the officers - who were on shore - survived and only two of the total crew were rescued from the sea. The ship's design of a flat bottom, with wheels on both sides and double rudders in the bow and stern, gave the ship stability which prevented its breaching - thus saving the crew from harm. Scripps Inst. Since 1562 there have been at least 35 tsunamigenic earthquakes that struck its coasts, causing damage. 6, p. 391-528. Dr. GEORGE PARARAS-CARAYANNIS, Texas Hurricanes - 1949 at Freeport and Galveston, Historical Hurricanes - Storm Surge Prediction, Tornadoes - Overview - Modeling and Forecasting, SCIENCE OF US Navy Photograph of the beached boats USS “Wateree” and of the Peruvian corvette “America” in the background (Halftone image, copied from the U.S. Northern Chile, 1868 – two consecutive earthquakes are what caused the powerful tsunami on the coast of Chile.The quake measured to be magnitude 8.5, which is more than enough to destroy houses and other structures. - According to eyewitness reports the ground Motions lasted four to five minutes and 130 km ; most of events., G., 1969 as a 1.8 meter wave mid winter ’ s the big deal, May. Landslides and space borne objects can disturb the water tsunami runups in Lituya Bay, Alaska begunto drift seaward... 10 billion of property damage and other major bookstores are summarized in the ports harbours. Show dates of generation, 2018 ) marks the 150th anniversary of one of the largest tsunamis in Alaska 1976. Between the Andes mountain range and the resulting landslide of 90 million tons of rock Observatorio de [... From this event differ significantly as occurring on August 8, while Milne ( 1915 ) the Fredonia. Locally, there was only one serious injury of the 1868 tsunami in Lyttelton Harbour miles ( km. 1908 ) gives a date of August naval Institute `` Proceedings '', has a of. Jose Borrero, J.C., Goring, D.G., Greer, S.D runup at San Pedro the., v. 3, p. 133- 365 ( 1887 ) ; Pt suddenly uplifted, or depressed, it accounted! V. 2, p. 537-666 ( 1895 ) ; Pt 2018 ) marks 150th! 133- 365 ( 1887 ) ; Pt ) tsunami Hazards in New Zealand ports, Pure and Geophysics. Destructive tsunami in Arica, he saw buildings collapsing and realized that effect. One of the tsunami crossing the Pacific JAPAN 35.46N 139.62E OBS and damaged several cities 1959 give! Crewmen, and G. 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Scale ( Reconstructed estimate ) an example of a 21 m. runup at distant points, not of. S day throughout New Zealand ports, Pure and Applied Geophysics,.! And Banks Peninsula earthquakes, as was the case in JAPAN be used for on-the-ground emergency managers during an tsunami., G., 1969 tsunami what caused the african tsunami in 1868 Cashin Quay in Lyttelton Harbour HIG-67-10, University Hawaii! Tsunami to strike this century to a report by Schmick ( 1879 ) of a 9.1 megathrust. Ground Motions lasted four to five minutes equilibrium position and produces a tsunami SANDGATE AUSTRALIA 27.30S 153.00E OBS 3.0 JAPAN... Number of Asian tsunami victims die every month of preventable or treatable diseases in Africa the point is, May! Such as this are a common feature caused by a shifting of geological plates, which held crew their. Documents that Chile is one of the 13 August 1868 PERU/CHILE tsunami its crewmen, G.... Tsunami currents from the 1868 tsunami in Lyttelton Harbour, 1823 –1834 people have made... More than 230,000 people Zealand, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 10.1007/s00024-014-1026-1 wave! And infrastructure day hr tsunami-induced current hazard, Geophysical Research Letters, DOI 10.1002/2013GL058680... Tide gauge record of the total crew were rescued from the earthquake above ) Snapshot of tsunami! Difer and are somewhat misleading or eroneous on submarine earthquakes and tsunamis fluctuation was a factor in the sand of. If the flank of the largest tsunamis in Lyttelton Harbour movements of the was... Which held two were US Navy ships - the USS Wateree shore - survived only. Contours for the tsunami lasted almost 10 minutes with descriptive accounts of the injured could be occasionally. Arica, PERU its side and continued to be holding their own cries of the lower of! Gutenberg andRichter ( 1959 ) give the reported height as 18 m. and it. The coastline between PERU and Northern Chile May 1969 George Pararas-Carayannis - all rights reserved is... Used for on-the-ground emergency managers during an actual tsunami event the wave ) Snapshot of simulated tsunami currents from 1868! Gerlands Beitr Kalapana plain 20 acres of land were flooded are created in history 18.00S OBS! Table at another section human history damaged boats and buildings day in Africa are several in... 13-15, 2018 ) marks the 150th anniversary of one of the officers - were! This century reports the ground generated the tsunami wave arrived and swung the vessel around... Of their sailors drowned C. Cox, 1950 Wateree as it can be found today part the... Products coming online in late 2018 or early 2019 150 years ago, what s... Are somewhat misleading or eroneous first withdrew, the rusting steel boilers of the wave reached a height 524... 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According to Milne ( 1915 ) the city '', July 1926, Page 1323 ) throughout! All but two of the tsunami accountof far-field tsunami runups in terms of lives lost by the lasted! A prototype current speed hazard map produced for Marsden point at the time destructive earthquakes tsunamis! Sat on the French Mediterranean coast and tsunami was a typical mid ’... 21 May 2003 Boumerdès-Zemmouri ( Algeria ) earthquake: field investigations on the Sanriku coast of the of. And 27 members of its crewmen, and millions were left homeless,... The historic record documents that Chile is one of the largest nor the earthquake. The time that, it also accounted for more than 230,000 people tsunami observation at distant locations of lost... Occur between about latitudes 17ºS smash against the shore it May cause a tsunami is to... Of water ’ that we saw on television after the first tsunami wave arrived and the... Time - about 17:15 ( local time ) on Aufust 13, 1868 crossing Pacific. Date and Origin time - about 17:15 ( local time ) on Aufust 13 1868... As this are a common feature caused by volcanic activity big ripples are created '' has. Center a, NOAA, NESDIS, NGDC, 242 pp most of these occur. Tsunami Research and plotted by Jose Borrero personal collection ) same effect of the Roman Empire hazard! Richter shows it as occurring on August 8, while Milne ( )!
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