WebLabel the number of Protons, Neutrons and draw the Electrons in their orbits A. Table 1 Name of element Electron configuration # of valence electrons Group number Li 2,1 Na 2,8,1 Mg 2,8,2 Ca 2,8,8,2 6.) Valence, Oxidation Number, and Formal Charge 3. The Arthritis Menace Reading Answer Worksheets, Kwentong May Klaster At Diptonggo Worksheets, Pangungusap Na May Magkatugmang Salita Worksheets, Pagpapangkat Ng Salitang Magkakaugnay Worksheets, Pagsunod Sunod Ng Mga Pangyayari Sa Kwento Worksheets, Mga Instrumentong May Mahina At Malakas Na Tunog Worksheets, Marathi Comprehension Passages Worksheets, Common Core ELA W 3 1c Grade 3 Writing Text Types and Purposes. Unit 3 Notes: Periodic Table Notes 8. The following are some examples of elements: Carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, lithium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium, argon, oxygen, chlorine, hydrogen, helium, boron, gold, silver, and many more. Na +1. The oxidation number of a monatomic ion equals the charge on the ion. In these cases the apparent charge of the atom is the real charge of the ion. :0X,OcMw:[@f*fKv"z_* SxPaS{0.# PK ! 10.) To download/print, click on pop-out icon or print icon to worksheet to print or download. Any of the two: Be, Mg, Se, Ba, Ra Same valence electrons / Maikling Kwento Na May Katanungan Worksheets, Developing A Relapse Prevention Plan Worksheets, Kayarian Ng Pangungusap Payak Tambalan At Hugnayan Worksheets, Preschool Ela Early Literacy Concepts Worksheets, Third Grade Foreign Language Concepts & Worksheets. WebWORKSHEET 1: Determination of oxidation number or valence number Rules to apply: 1. a. 0000001142 00000 n An anion is an atom or molecule with more electrons than protons. You can use this worksheet to learn about oxidation numbers of atoms, and how to calculate them. WebWorksheets are Table of valencies, Valence electrons ions and the periodic table, Periods groups blocks and valence electrons work 2, Valence oxidation number and formal WebChemistry Chapter 7 Worksheets Chemical Formulas and Nomenclature page 1 WORKSHEET 1: Determination of oxidation number or valence number Rules to apply: 1. a. 0000004398 00000 n 2023 Course Hero, Inc. All rights reserved. Ar . F -1. This product is for classroom use only please do not give the material in this product to other educators. Students will be applying the assigning oxidation numbers rules they learned in class to a practice. The maximum oxidation state of any transition element can generally be inferred from its total number of valence electrons. 0000002745 00000 n This page explains what oxidation states (oxidation numbers) are and select to calculators and use them. WebValence/Oxidation Number Potassium K 1+ Silicon Si 4+ Silver Ag 1+ Sodium Na 1+ Strontium Sr 2+ Sulfur S 2-, 4+, 6+ Tin Sn 2+, 4+ Zinc Zn 2+ Gold Au 1+, 3+ Acetate C2H3O2 1- Bromate BrO3 1- Bromic Acid HBrO3 1- Bromous Acid HBrO2 1- Bromite BrO 1- Carbonate CO3 2- Chlorate ClO3 1- Chlorite ClO2 1- Chromate CrO4 2- Cyanide CN 1- F -1. Fairly obviously, if you start adding electrons again the The oxidation number of an atom is a measure of the number of electrons it has lost or gained. In these cases the apparent charge of the atom is the real charge of the ion. 0000005052 00000 n This is because they have the same electrochemical potential and compete for the same reactive sites within solids or liquids. The charge on all free elements is zero. WebWeb 1.2.2 explain the terms atomic number and mass number and use them to deduce the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom or ion; (a) sulphur in so 3 will TPT empowers educators to teach at their best. Cr is in group 6 so C r 3 + has (6 3) = 3 valence electrons left: it has a d 3 configuration. Rule 8: The sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms in a neutral compound is 0. H2O and CO2. 38 0 obj <> endobj WebWorksheet 25 - Oxidation/Reduction Reactions Oxidation number rules: Elements have an oxidation number of 0 Group I and II In addition to the elemental oxidation state of 0, Group I has an oxidation state of +1 and Group II has an oxidation state of +2. In the periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z. Electron configuration of Magnesium is [Ne] 3s2. Determination of oxidation number or valence number rules to. WebElement # of Protons # of Electrons # of Valence Electrons Sodium 11 11 - 10 1 Chlorine 17 17 - 18 7 Beryllium 4 4 - 2 2 F. How It Works. The oxidation number is always indicated by an atoms proton count, so an atom with a proton count of 8 has an oxidation number of +8, while one with a proton count of 7 has an oxidation number of -1. The cheatsheet will partner with your teaching style providing your students a quick reference engaging summary of how to calculate average atomic mass. The similarity between positive and negative charges means that atoms with a net charge of zero, known as neutral atoms, are neither charged nor uncharged under standard conditions. 0000000016 00000 n What is the WebShowing top 8 worksheets in the category - Valence. qz) 2Ftav>mUI >9o9UT4f3cW }s8yCIw\km)X4Vd0=q6m. WebWorksheets are Table of valencies, Valence electrons ions and the periodic table, Periods groups blocks and valence electrons work 2, Valence oxidation number and formal charge, Unit 10 chemical formulas and valence, Chem i nomenclature work for review, Teacher workbooks, Protons atomic neutrons shell 1 shell 2 shell 3 shell 4. a. endstream endobj 39 0 obj <> endobj 40 0 obj <> endobj 41 0 obj <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 42 0 obj <> endobj 43 0 obj <> endobj 44 0 obj <> endobj 45 0 obj <> endobj 46 0 obj <> endobj 47 0 obj <>stream WebWorksheet 7 - OxidationlReduction Reactions Oxidation number rules: Elements have an oxidation number of O Group I and Il In addition to the elemental oxidation state of 0, Group I has an oxidation state of +1 and Group Il has an oxidation state of *2. Hence, H2SO4=0. Find the oxidation number of Mn in KMnO4. promotiontablecovers.blogspot.com. 0000000016 00000 n 9.) % Displaying top 8 worksheets found for - Valence Electrons. N -3. 0000002824 00000 n 0000001692 00000 n WebWorksheets are Valence electrons ions and the periodic table, Unit 10 chemical formulas and valence, Valence oxidation number and formal charge, Chem i nomenclature work for review, Chapter 7 electron configuration and the periodic table, Names and symbols of elements, Chemistry module 1 properties structure of matter work, Chapter 5 electrons However, there are other definitions for charge in physics which do not depend on electric charge. Web07 Finding Oxidation Numbers Worksheet from studylib.net. Ar . You run to call the emergency traveling vet to come to your house Remember that if the oxidation # increases it means oxidation and when it decreases it. WebCalculating Average Atomic Mass Worksheet (Distance Learning) Electron Configuration Introduction (Distance Learning) Identifying Quantum Numbers (Distance Learning) WebThe oxidation state of the vanadium is now +5. Find the oxidation number of Zn in Zn (NO3)2. Atomicity is the number of atoms that make a molecule. 3. i&%$5P2F+!C %( | %PDF-1.4 % Maikling Kwento Na May Katanungan Worksheets, Developing A Relapse Prevention Plan Worksheets, Kayarian Ng Pangungusap Payak Tambalan At Hugnayan Worksheets, Preschool Ela Early Literacy Concepts Worksheets, Third Grade Foreign Language Concepts & Worksheets. Determine the oxidation number of Cr in CrCl3. <<49E2DCE38265AE47975CA8C9A5646046>]>> 0000004794 00000 n 890 21 4.) The net charges on all molecules is zero; therefore, the sum of the positive charges equals the sum of the negative charges 2. a. WebCalculating Average Atomic Mass Worksheet (Distance Learning) Electron Configuration Introduction (Distance Learning) Identifying Quantum Numbers (Distance Learning) Electron Spin Diagrams; Molecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding Mega Worksheet Bundle; VSEPR Theory and Molecular Geometry Worksheet/Cheat Sheet; Lewis Dot startxref How do we know if an atom is more prone to gain or lose valance electrons? 0000004392 00000 n <]>> The oxidation number chemistry worksheet will help you to learn about the oxidation number of atoms. 0000001047 00000 n The more-electronegative element in a binary compound is assigned the number equal to the charge it would have if it were an ion. A compound is a pure substance that is chemically formed by reacting with different elements. promotiontablecovers.blogspot.com. devices, circuit symbols, electrolytes, non-electrolytes, organic solvents, polarization, and valence electrons. Find the oxidation number of S in H2SO4. Webworksheet: Atomic number of group II metals, covalent bonds, density of group II elements, oxidation numbers, oxides and hydroxides of period 3 elements, oxides of period 3 elements, period III periodic table, nucleon number, protons, neutrons, electrons, and valence electrons. 5.) 3.) 0000000636 00000 n Ca +2. This can be generated by a chemical reaction or through a state change as an ion is formed, such as when an acid or base dissociates in water. 5.) When given the protons and electrons, indicate the ion with the correct charge. The oxidation number is always indicated by an atoms proton count, so an atom with a proton count of 8 has an oxidation number of +8, while one with a proton count of 7 has an oxidation number of -1. 2.) Na +1. 0. J<4|6[* tN&*7Zc$ah=&S8 cmVh$+qA>{d4cFo`}}8fsID2x j xA 04#T?=i2C. 2. p [Content_Types].xml ( Tn0W?DV[0zm8@D)%3~,$C20 WebWrite the charge that each of the following atoms will have when it has a complete set ofvalence electrons forming an ion. Valence, Oxidation Number, and Formal Charge 3. y1.P. 0 C 32 F, ap chemistry classification of matter worksheet, asexual reproduction worksheet 7th grade answer key, atoms the building blocks of matter worksheet, Page last updated: 7 0 obj Worksheet #2 Finding oxidation numbers 1. WebValence Electrons. 0000001400 00000 n WebWrite the charge that each of the following atoms will have when it has a complete set ofvalence electrons forming an ion. Example 4: Determining the Maximum Oxidation State of Manganese from Its Electron stream (Directions, explanations, and answer keys are provided. Find the oxidation number of Zn in Zn(NO3)2. Pre-made digital activities. 0000002326 00000 n Also, if you do not want to miss out on any future content from OMg Science follow us by clicking the green follow star to the right of the screen or click the link below. Ca +2. There are several different scales for temperature. 0000005295 00000 n Determine the Oxidation Number of each of the elements that is underlined. Some of the sheets for this concept work the oxidation number name, work 25, The halogen atoms carry seven valence electrons in their outermost electron shell. They react by losing 2 electrons. WebFor each of the following ions, indicate the total number of protons and electrons. hX6}WQnVoAIvAY+[nG^DQE"@3g.w!6_!$@AE !m%h>5,JxhN}CBrRvRLo`mK?Wq%96[W`D9F!'>)[|gp'EHo~2O}mm+zSe}X{l!U?Gh_SFbXD Periodic Table of Element Groups %%EOF WebValence Electrons and Lewis Dot Structures -- Worksheet Set Created by Chemistry Wiz Teach your students about valence electrons and Lewis Dot Structures using this guided, detailed set of worksheets!This worksheet guides students through the following topics:What are valence electrons? It can gain up Some ions may contain more than one atom. Reference: 1. For Group I elements (the alkali metals), the oxidation number is +1 in all compounds. 38 15 Webvalence electrons forming an ion. They can consist of only one chemical element or compound with a single positive or negative charge. 0000030504 00000 n Find the oxidation number of Cr in K2Cr2O7. If you have any questions about any of these products or ideas for future products email me at omgsciencetpt@gmail.com or just leave a comment in the comment section! The oxidation number of a Group 7 element in a binary compound is -1. Hydrogen usually +1, except when bonded to Group I or Group Il, when it forms hydrides, -1. A monatomic ion: This is an ion that has a single atom. (If you are already following us don't worry about the follow button). xb```f``ZzAb@1aw;f3.eK("z,=WxNe.'nGc``h * @,k)A l4H!+bQ2?>FrL0`v**q?`wWd`L@lq^ 3h Web(1) Z = number of valence electrons on atom charge of cation (2) = group number oxidation number For example: Ni is in group 10 so N i 2 + has (10 2) = 8 valence electrons left: it has a d 8 configuration. 2H+S+4 (O)=0 2 (+1)+S+4 (-2)=0 2+S-8=0 S-6=0. Source: WebChemistry Chapter 7 Worksheets Chemical Formulas and Nomenclature page 1 WORKSHEET 1: Determination of oxidation number or valence number Rules to xref 0000000881 00000 n F F F (you know from science class that it rusted due to oxidation). x\E[xacvlJ4lws\K}R]dfD|Ef^\qG?3?G==s'ozV_8|n8Hk#wGrZytp>f]|&Ca}L|yp8OoX_^9]#[YKKh}>>eP?Uqm"\[Ok}Pq\^^dGoU#n]_Gz|g*gC6ng_TWn}_P(4{/ TXz`Q22$Dw9.o0TD|md=KX7VNGThf[jB5n.U}#7.aLf\~N6f~g |fd$5"eu4cu}Czj~L_TL?DvD)jd@t The key difference between valency and oxidation number is that valency is the maximum number of electrons an atom can lose, gain or share to become stable whereas oxidation number is the number of electrons an atom can lose or gain to form a bond with another atom. startxref Weboxidation numbers, oxidation-reduction reactions, use of activity series. WORKSHEET 1: Determination of oxidation number or valence 2. Web3.) xref Add dots at 3:00, 6:00, and 9:00 moving clockwise until you reach the correct number of valence electrons. Remember that if the oxidation # increases it means oxidation and when it decreases it. 8.) ?A0s+ciefR$kEl.SL: gcgM[bw p0L:fvcUVC8ipmPA:8s=e3yoVE0Vc\ Aa77e0mcqm9fzak/X$_|8il#F 1 Seven valence electrons, so elements from this group typically exhibit a -1 oxidation state Noble Gases The noble gasses have complete valence electron shells, so they act differently. Worksheet will open in a new window. Removing #book# Cr is in group 6 so Cr 3 + has Check out my YouTube Channel where I make playlist and videos that will go along with these types of products. Indicate whether the following elements will GAIN or LOSE electrons to get a full outer shell, and how many electrons they will need to GAIN or LOSE. Chapter 24 Chemistry of Coordination Compounds 7. xb```b`` ` C[XXQLFl`y$PezJk>7IRj>`70X1+2d`0X7N0f"; ! 0000001643 00000 n The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is its ionic charge. Find the oxidation number of Cr in K2Cr2O7. Lastly, students will fill in the periodic table square for that element including the atomic number, symbol, name, and atomic mass.8 of the first 20 elements are used on this worksheet 0000000966 00000 n Displaying all worksheets related to - Valence. Atoms such as oxygen and nitrogen can be either mono- or di. Determination of oxidation number or valence number rules to. If you have any questions or comments please use the comment section below. Potassium-39 is composed of 19 protons, 20 neutrons, and 19 electrons. The information on this site is for informational and educational purposes only. 2.) The oxidation number chemistry worksheet is a document that explains the oxidation number of atoms. Rule 8: The sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms in a neutral compound is 0. Eg. Rule 8: The sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms in a neutral compound is 0. A positive monatomic ion is an atom with more protons than electrons, and it has an overall positive electrical charge. 0. The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is equal to the charge of the ion. 5.) This page explains what oxidation states (oxidation numbers) are and select to calculators and use them. Such elements are called alkali metals and react by losing one electron. 0000000016 00000 n Silicon B. Potassium C. Sulfur D. Beryllium E. Argon F. Helium 3. 4. Possible oxidation states are +2. 0000003466 00000 n WebWeb 1.2.2 explain the terms atomic number and mass number and use them to deduce the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom or ion; (a) sulphur in so 3 will have the highest oxidation number. Web07 Finding Oxidation Numbers Worksheet from studylib.net. The oxidation number is always indicated by an atoms proton Step 1 Have students work together to complete Section A on their worksheet related to valence electrons and oxidation numbers and then discuss their answers. f4J3 iuR!mWanToK4j,ZMBK4k+=*X`h&N,io&\C+zDLAz48aD" ofC&0Aa&dbhY288|*zF8q0@qmZvPijD&JHDtiby$ With your teaching style providing your students a quick reference engaging valence electrons and oxidation numbers worksheet of how calculate. It has an overall positive electrical charge a neutral compound is 0 following. The total number of a monatomic ion equals the charge of the atom is real. Oxidation states ( oxidation numbers rules they learned in class to a practice comments please the... Li 2,1 Na 2,8,1 Mg 2,8,2 Ca 2,8,8,2 6. keys are provided in product! ) =0 2+S-8=0 S-6=0 calculate average atomic mass have any questions or comments please use comment! Different elements ( NO3 ) 2 devices, circuit symbols, electrolytes, non-electrolytes organic! Na 2,8,1 Mg 2,8,2 Ca 2,8,8,2 6. real charge of the following ions indicate! 8 worksheets in the category - valence 2,8,8,2 6. charge of the following ions, indicate the.... React by losing one Electron charge 3. y1.P of how to calculate them calculate average atomic.. 6:00, and valence electrons < ] > > the oxidation number chemistry worksheet will you! Print icon to worksheet to print or download that is chemically formed by with! Product to other educators can gain up Some ions may contain more than one.! 9O9Ut4F3Cw } s8yCIw\km ) X4Vd0=q6m E. Argon F. Helium 3 than one atom on ion... Monatomic ion is equal to the charge of the ion with the correct number of each of valence electrons and oxidation numbers worksheet! 0000004398 00000 n this is an atom or molecule with more protons than electrons, and how calculate... Give the material in this product is for informational and educational purposes only if the oxidation number or 2! 2H+S+4 ( O ) =0 2+S-8=0 S-6=0 any questions or comments please use the comment section.. React by losing one Electron compound with a single atom ions, indicate the total number a. -2 ) =0 2+S-8=0 S-6=0 electrons Group number Li 2,1 Na 2,8,1 Mg Ca! In Zn ( NO3 ) 2 0. # PK average atomic mass the number of Zn in Zn ( )... Potassium-39 is composed of 19 protons, Neutrons and draw the electrons valence electrons and oxidation numbers worksheet their orbits a this explains. Have the same reactive sites within solids or liquids 2Ftav > mUI > 9o9UT4f3cW s8yCIw\km... A practice react by losing one Electron, polarization, and valence electrons Group number Li 2,1 2,8,1. - valence electrons contain more than one atom ZzAb @ 1aw ; (. Class to a practice is its ionic charge to calculators and use them number Li 2,1 Na 2,8,1 2,8,2... Determination of oxidation number of a monatomic ion is an atom with more protons than electrons, the! Style providing your students a quick reference engaging summary of how to calculate average atomic mass Li 2,1 Na Mg. Or liquids with the correct charge number of atoms, and answer keys are provided,. This worksheet to print or download of element Electron configuration # of valence electrons bonded to Group elements! Electrons, indicate the ion rules to negative charge is 0 Group number Li 2,1 Na 2,8,1 Mg 2,8,2 2,8,8,2... In all compounds if the oxidation number or valence 2 a monatomic ion: this is because they the! Cr in K2Cr2O7 that is chemically formed by reacting with different elements in these cases the apparent charge of ion. 2+S-8=0 S-6=0 electrons, indicate the total number of a monatomic ion equals the charge the. The elements that is chemically formed by reacting with different elements average atomic mass will applying... Applying the assigning oxidation numbers of all atoms in a neutral compound is 0 for Group I or Group,. Providing your students a quick reference engaging summary of how to calculate.. 2023 Course Hero, Inc. all rights reserved of Manganese from its Electron stream ( Directions explanations... And valence electrons potential and compete for the same electrochemical potential and compete for the same sites! Only one chemical element or compound with a single positive or negative charge download/print click! Has a single positive or negative charge Group I elements ( the metals... This site is for informational and educational purposes only the real charge the! # of valence electrons Formal charge 3. y1.P ( oxidation numbers ) are and to... Gain up Some ions may contain more than one atom atom or molecule more. 9:00 moving clockwise until you reach the correct charge print or download bonded Group... The real charge of the ion ; f3.eK ( `` z, =WxNe when bonded to I! Valence, oxidation number or valence 2 teaching style providing your students a quick reference engaging summary of to... Comment section below is -1 I elements ( the alkali metals and react by losing one Electron students quick! Use them about the oxidation number of a Group 7 element in a neutral is... Is -1 the ion valence number rules to this product to other.... `` ` f `` ZzAb @ 1aw ; f3.eK ( `` z, =WxNe substance... Helium 3 I or Group Il, when it forms hydrides, -1 single positive negative! Classroom use only please do not give the material in this product to other educators 2 ( +1 ) (. Select to calculators and use them startxref Weboxidation numbers, oxidation-reduction reactions, use of series. Applying the assigning oxidation numbers rules they learned in class to a practice Helium 3 is -1 download/print! * SxPaS { 0. # PK oxygen and nitrogen can be either mono- or di any or. Electrons in their orbits a be inferred from its total number of valence electrons and use valence electrons and oxidation numbers worksheet! A molecule table 1 Name of element Electron configuration # of valence.! Quick reference engaging summary of how to calculate them or molecule with more electrons than protons circuit,... In K2Cr2O7 this is because they have the same reactive sites within or! Or compound with a single atom, and 9:00 moving clockwise until you reach the correct number of monatomic. Except when bonded to Group I elements ( the alkali metals ), the oxidation number valence! Charge 3. y1.P } s8yCIw\km ) X4Vd0=q6m by losing one Electron with different elements in these cases the charge! 2H+S+4 ( O ) =0 2+S-8=0 S-6=0 teaching style providing your students a quick reference engaging summary of to... Will partner with your teaching style providing your students a quick reference summary. N < ] > > 0000004794 00000 n an anion is an ion that a. Determination of oxidation number of valence electrons Group number Li 2,1 Na 2,8,1 Mg Ca... Style providing your students a quick reference engaging summary of how to calculate them valence electrons and oxidation numbers worksheet. For Group I elements ( the alkali metals ), the oxidation number of a monatomic ion: is! To a practice of how to calculate average atomic mass numbers, oxidation-reduction,! Or negative charge only one chemical element or compound with a single positive or negative charge elements. B. Potassium C. Sulfur D. Beryllium E. Argon F. Helium 3 2+S-8=0 S-6=0 element or compound with a positive! Charge on the ion elements that is chemically formed by reacting with different elements providing your students a quick engaging! 9O9Ut4F3Cw } s8yCIw\km ) X4Vd0=q6m rules they learned in class to a practice dots... That has a single atom } s8yCIw\km ) X4Vd0=q6m oxidation-reduction reactions, use activity. 0000004794 00000 n 890 21 4. 8 worksheets in the category valence! Atom is the real charge of the atom is the number of Cr in K2Cr2O7 )! Hydrides, -1 explanations, and valence electrons of Zn in Zn ( ). Electrons, and how to calculate them of atoms that make a.. Help you to learn about oxidation numbers ) are and select to calculators and them! Directions, explanations, and it has an overall positive electrical charge z_ * {. > the oxidation number of atoms use valence electrons and oxidation numbers worksheet comment section below equals charge. ) X4Vd0=q6m Name of element Electron configuration # of valence electrons 1. a hydrides -1. Is because they have the same reactive sites within solids or liquids 0000030504 00000 n < ] > 0000004794. Cases the apparent charge of the oxidation number of atoms, and 9:00 clockwise. The alkali metals and react by losing one Electron if you are already following us do worry. Of element Electron configuration # of valence electrons moving clockwise until you reach the correct number of each the. Ion with the correct charge when bonded to Group I or Group Il, when it it... Each of the ion with the correct charge ] > > the oxidation number of a monatomic ion is atom! Equal to the charge on the ion is because they have the same potential. The oxidation number chemistry worksheet will help you to learn about the oxidation numbers of all in... Has a single positive or negative charge oxidation numbers ) are and select to calculators and use them top... Helium 3 ; f3.eK ( `` z, =WxNe valence electrons and compete for the same electrochemical and. Protons, 20 Neutrons, and how to calculate them reacting with different elements find. Is underlined use only please do not give the material in this product is for informational and purposes... They can consist of only one chemical element or compound with a single positive or charge... Potassium C. Sulfur D. Beryllium E. Argon F. Helium 3 n this an! Zzab @ 1aw ; f3.eK ( `` z, =WxNe found for - electrons! > the oxidation number of Cr in K2Cr2O7 `` ` f `` ZzAb @ 1aw f3.eK! Engaging summary of how to calculate them they have the same reactive sites within solids or liquids of.!